PPARδ raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
Reviewed 2026-08-01. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
PPARδ is a nuclear receptor that influences transcription of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, lipid transport, and energy homeostasis. GW501516 binds and activates this receptor with high selectivity relative to PPARα and PPARγ in laboratory assays. Activation alters expression of target genes in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue in animal models. The exact clinical consequences of these changes in humans remain incompletely characterized, and observed effects in animals do not establish therapeutic benefit or safety.
Published studies have examined GW501516 in animal models of obesity, insulin resistance, and exercise endurance. Early human trials reportedly ended, and development was discontinued after preclinical findings raised concerns about cancer in some rodent studies. Regulatory agencies have not approved cardarine for any medical use. Its availability through non-pharmaceutical channels raises questions about identity, purity, and legal status that are separate from its laboratory pharmacology. Those questions are often addressed through analytical testing rather than assumptions about product labels.
Anti-doping laboratories identify GW501516 and its metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the usual matrix, and detection can occur after the parent compound has cleared from blood. The exact detection window depends on dose, formulation, individual metabolism, and assay sensitivity. Because the compound is prohibited at all times, athletes are subject to testing in and out of competition. Analytical methods continue to improve as new metabolites and designer analogs are characterized.
GW501516 acts as a ligand for PPAR delta, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy use. Activation of this receptor in skeletal muscle shifts metabolism toward fat burning in animal models. The compound does not burn fat directly; it changes gene expression over hours to days. Researchers study it to understand metabolic flexibility and exercise adaptation. Effects observed in rodents are not automatically expected in humans.
Preclinical research reported that GW501516 increased running endurance in mice and improved lipid profiles in some animal species. Early human trials explored effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose handling, but the program was discontinued. Published human data are sparse and do not establish efficacy for any condition. Studies also examined PPAR delta in cancer biology, with conflicting findings across models. The relationship between receptor activation, tissue context, and disease risk remains an active area of investigation.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | PPARδ agonist | Not an anabolic steroid. |
| Common synonyms | GW501516, GW-1516 | Cardarine is an informal name. |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical for research-grade solid. |
| Solubility class | Poorly soluble in water; soluble in some organic solvents | Such as DMSO or ethanol in laboratory settings. |
| Typical storage temperature | Cool, dry, protected from light | Specific conditions vary by supplier and form. |
GW501516 acts on PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that helps regulate fatty acid oxidation and energy homeostasis. In animal studies, activation of this receptor was associated with increased endurance and changes in lipid metabolism. Human trials examined effects on blood lipids and other metabolic markers, but the compound did not advance to approval. Rodent studies later reported tumors in multiple tissues at doses used in those experiments. Whether those findings translate to human risk remains uncertain, and the clinical relevance of the animal data is still debated.
Regulatory bodies treat GW501516 as a prohibited substance in competitive sport. The World Anti-Doping Agency added it to the prohibited list, and it falls under classes covering metabolic modulators and hormone-related agents. It is not approved by drug regulators for human use, and it is not a lawful dietary supplement. Products sold under the cardarine name may contain unlisted ingredients or different compounds. Because no approved product exists, quality and identity are not guaranteed by pharmaceutical manufacturing standards.
GW501516 acts as a selective agonist at PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription of genes involved in lipid handling and energy metabolism. Activation of PPARδ in preclinical models increases fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and exercise endurance in rodents. These effects have made the compound a subject of metabolic research and also a target for sport anti-doping rules. In humans, however, controlled studies are limited, and whether similar endurance or metabolic changes occur at tolerated exposures remains an open question. The receptor’s broad tissue distribution also means downstream effects may vary by organ and condition.
Detection of GW501516 in biological samples generally relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is a common matrix in anti-doping analysis, while blood or plasma may be used in research settings. Sample preparation can involve enzymatic hydrolysis, protein precipitation, or solid-phase extraction before instrumental analysis. Because the compound undergoes metabolism, assays may target the parent molecule, one or more metabolites, or both. Detection windows are not fixed; they depend on factors such as dose, route, individual metabolism, and assay sensitivity. Reference standards are required for accurate identification and quantification.
== ADME == A number of phases occur once the drug enters into contact with the organism, these are described using the acronym ADME (or LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption):
=== Legal status === In April 2025, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommended the refusal of a marketing authorization for Winlevi, a medicine intended for treating acne vulgaris. The EMA noted that Winlevi is a new class of medicine that blocks receptors for androgens. However, there is a risk of the medicine suppressing the working of three organs: the hypothalamus and pituitary glands in the brain and adrenal glands. The suppression of these organs could lead to impaired growth and sexual maturation, which is a major concern in adolescents. Although the company presented data to show that the risk was low, the EMA considered that these data, as well as measures the company proposed to minimize the risk, were not sufficient to approve the medicine for people from 12 years of age to less than 18 years of age. In May 2025, Cassiopea requested a re-examination of the EMA's April 2025 opinion. In October 2025, EMA issued marketing authorization for Winlevi.
==== Distribution ==== The volume of distribution of suvorexant is approximately 49 L. It crosses the blood–brain barrier and distributes into the central nervous system. Suvorexant has high plasma protein binding (99.5%). It is bound to albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid).
Dried blood spot testing (DBS) is a form of biosampling where blood samples are blotted and dried on filter paper. The dried samples can easily be shipped to an analytical laboratory and analysed using various methods such as DNA amplification or high-performance liquid chromatography.
On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often called Tungsram-bulbs in many European countries. Filling a bulb with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen slows the evaporation of the tungsten filament compared to operating it in a vacuum. This allows for greater temperatures and therefore greater efficacy with less reduction in filament life. In 1906, William D. Coolidge developed a method of making "ductile tungsten" from sintered tungsten which could be made into filaments while working for General Electric Company. By 1911 General Electric had begun selling incandescent light bulbs with ductile tungsten wire. In 1913, Irving Langmuir found that filling a lamp with inert gas (nitrogen at first, and later argon) instead of a vacuum resulted in twice the luminous efficacy and reduced bulb blackening. He patented his device on April 18, 1916.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Agent Poll accused Grand Commander Viñas Alonso of accepting bribes from the Universal Peace Federation, which the State Security Unit jokingly refers to as the "Moon Sect," and insinuated that he believed Alfonso Vidal might have been involved. Agent Poll also asked Alfonso Vidal to suspend Grand Orator Luis Steve Ocaña. Alfonso Vidal later said: "He tried to blackmail me, saying that legally they could close the institution, and finally, he told me that they weren't going to let me travel to Mexico."
Tumor growth (see HP59) Revascularization or neovascularization after trauma, for example, after cardiac ischemia or retinal ischemia Endometriosis - It appears that up to 37% of the microvascular endothelium of the ectopic endometrial tissue originates from endothelial progenitor cells.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a diverse condition characterized by the presence of either clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism together with dysfunction in ovulation. The prevalence of this syndrome varies significantly, ranging from 6 to 15% in the general population. The metabolic characteristic of women with PCOS is the presence of hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) are frequently obese and tend to rely on assisted reproductive technologies more frequently than women who do not have this diagnosis.
=== ESG after surgical sleeve gastrectomy (Revisional ESG) === Weight regain after surgical sleeve gastrectomy has historically been managed with medications or a more invasive revisional surgery. Recent data suggested that an ESG can safely be performed after the surgical sleeve gastrectomy (sometimes referred to as a "revisional ESG"), with total body weight loss of approximately 16-18% at 12 months. While weight loss is not thought to be as robust as the initial weight loss surgery, the revisional ESG has an improved safety profile compared to a surgical revision and is therefore hypothesized to have greater patient acceptance.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Shelf life === The shelf life of canned evaporated milk varies according to both its added content and its proportion of fat. For the regular unsweetened product, a shelf life of 15 months may be expected before any noticeable destabilization occurs.
== Function == Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of enzymes that play an important role in detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of many hydrophobic and electrophilic compounds with reduced glutathione. Based on their biochemical, immunologic, and structural properties, the soluble GSTs are categorized into four main classes: alpha, mu, pi, and theta. The glutathione S-transferase pi gene (GSTP1) is a polymorphic gene encoding active, functionally different GSTP1 variant proteins that are thought to function in xenobiotic metabolism and play a role in susceptibility to cancer, and other diseases.
== Function == Enzyme-generated isopeptide bonds have two main biological purposes: signaling and structure. Biosignaling influences protein function, chromatin condensation, and protein-half life. The biostructural roles of isopeptide bonds include blood clotting (for wound healing), extracellular matrix upkeep, the apoptosis pathway, modifying micro-tubules, and forming pathogenic pili in bacteria. Isopeptide bonds contribute to the pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae because the actin cross-linking domain (ACD) forms an intermolecular bond between the γ-carboxyl group of glutamate and the ε-amino group of lysine in actin. This process stops actin polymerization in the host cell.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Cardarine is commonly known as GW501516 or GW-1516. These names refer to the same synthetic compound. It is not a brand-name approved medicine.
No, cardarine is not a steroid. It is classified as a PPARδ agonist. Its structure and receptor target differ from anabolic steroids.
No regulatory agency has approved cardarine as a medicine. It was investigated in early research but development was discontinued. It is not available as a prescription drug.
It binds to and activates PPAR delta, a nuclear receptor that controls expression of genes related to fatty acid oxidation. This mechanism can alter energy metabolism in animal models. It is not a direct stimulant or fat-burning enzyme.